[27], The Polish government estimate of war dead in 1947 was based on the results of the 1931 Polish census using the criterion of language spoken to breakout the various ethnic groups. Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996 Page 11, Materski and Szarota. According to Ministry of Finance figures losses were 5,085,000 persons (1,706,700 Poles and 3,378,000) Jews[67], According to Assessments and Estimates: an Outline by Mateusz Gniazdowski:[66] "This discrepancy was explained by demographers who maintained that that the (BOW) included the "missing" category in the total population loss figure, based on the statistics of the end of 1945, while many people believed to have been dead either returned to the country, or remained abroad as emigres. Clio, poor girl, is these days no longer sure of her pronouns but would still like to say, with Cassandra: You are in great danger, sir. WW2 German Death Card Sterbebild Poland 3rd Sept 1939 Krakow Band Tunic . During the war he was imprisoned at the Dachau concentration camp. The logic of events meant that the gap would somehow get closed. 32,000 Jews died in Polish military. The second reason has to do with the Polish state itself. One in every five Poles was murdered by the Germans during WW2. The war was notable for the Nazi-sponsored genocide of the Jewish peoples resulting in more than 5.9 million deaths, and the impact of Total War on the worlds population. The estimates for losses of the Jewish population in the Holocaust range from 2.7 million to 3.4 million persons. However, the exact figure has been disputed, with the Soviets estimating the number to be about 20 million (approximately 13.7% of the population at the time). The U.S. National Archives has a number of World War 2 Casualty resources that range across the U.S. Armed Forces as well as a number of records regarding other nations. The German invasion of Poland was a primer on how Hitler intended to wage war-what would become . In a section on the demographic losses he presented estimated losses with some brief observations. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.[76]. Polish citizens were taken to Germany as forced laborers under inhuman conditions, which resulted in many deaths. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009, Lee Ready, World War Two: Nation by Nation, Arms & Armour, 1996, Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, University of New Hampshire at Manchester, Central Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, Europe at War 19391945: No Simple Victory, Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and For All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947, Timothy Snyder, Working Paper, Yale University, 2001. The Battle of France ( French: bataille de France) (10 May - 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign ( Westfeldzug ), the French Campaign ( German: Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France during the Second World War. 9.462. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009. (The number is probably higher if we add all those who died at the hands of the Ukrainian Nationalists. World War II is considered the deadliest arm conflict in human history. However, it is estimated that at least 6.9 million of them were killed and another 7.3 million wounded. The IPN also puts the number of Polish citizens conscripted into the German armed forces at 250,000 of whom 60,000 were killed in action. Civilian deaths from land battles, aerial bombardment, political and racial executions, war-induced disease and famine, and the sinking of ships probably exceeded battle casualties. Subtracting 3 million Polish Jewish victims, the report claimed 3 million non-Jewish victims of the Nazi terror, including civilian and military casualties of war. [50][51], In 1947 the communist dominated government in Poland estimated war losses at 6.0 million ethnic Poles and Jews, they did not include the losses of Polish citizens from other minorities - Ukrainians and Belarusians. Supporte. POLSKA 1939-1945 STRATY OSOBOWE I OFIARY REPRESJI POD DWIEMA OKUPACJAMI. Despite the western betrayal, If Russia had not invaded Poland in 17 September, 1939, Poland would have dragged the fighting for many more weeks. As it was, it got closed in the traditional way. Few have ventured even to try to calculate the total number of persons who were wounded or permanently disabled. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. About 298,000 Americans died. The Polish War casualties have been contradicted with the Polish government reporting 6.02 million deaths including 3 million ethnic Poles and 3 million Jews. Those two examples, forgotten preludes to Americas entry into the two world wars, are disturbing because they suggest that one thing leads to another. They did not provide a detailed population balance showing how the figures were derived. [48] The IPN did not estimate the death toll of Polish citizens from these ethnic minorities. Many others were victims of the 1939-1941 Soviet occupation of eastern Poland and of deportations to Central Asia and Siberia. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, The Countries That Remained Neutral In WWII. contribution. This stance bears close comparison with President Bidens policy of inviting Ukraine to join NATO at some future date, but with no commitment of U.S. military power in the here and now. [55] Based on the analysis by Tadeusz Piotrowski roughly 1.0 million Ukrainians and Belarusians and 400,000 Polish speaking Jews were misclassified as Poles in the official figures for the 1939 population. A History of Ukraine. Today, the myth and propaganda of Poland rolling over in the face of Germanys invasion still persists, despite being just plain false, while Great Britain and France are remembered for having declared war. The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable". 1/87, 1987. By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (Total 849,000: Killed 296,000; Prisoners of War 449,000; emigrated from Poland (Sept./Oct 1939) 104,000). Hello!This is my first mapping video, where i try to simulate WW2 with the help of France and UK.Hope you Enjoy! Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami" (Poland 1939-1945. However, as history showed, the same could not be said of the French and the British who could have easily stormed through Germany's poorly defended western borders while the bulk of the German army was busy fighting in Poland. Estimated figures for World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. This was later corroborated by a top German General, Alfred Jodl, who served as the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (and the man speaking to Hitler in the picture), who stated at the Nuremberg trials that: Each sailor or marines service number, rank, rate, casualty code, and date of casualty are listed. [62], B. The manner of the United States' entrance into both World Wars should be a warning to us in how we respond to Ukraine. 'Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war. It is reminiscent in the first instance of Woodrow Wilsons call for a League of Nations in 1916 and 1917, when he was still determined to stay out of the European war. This figure was disputed when the communist system collapsed by the Polish historian Czesaw uczak who put total losses at 6.0 million; 3.0 million Jews, 2.0 million ethnic Poles, and 1.0 million Polish citizens from the other ethnic groups not included in the 1947 report on war damages. 92, 105, 118, and 325, Gross Pages 92-93(Gross cites Polish sources that show pre-war the average per capita grain consumption in Poland of 246.4 kg. They did this for 8 months until Germany invaded France on May 8, 1940. [27][46], In prewar Poland about 800,000 persons were identified as ethnic Germans. Page 36. (200,000 were conscripted into the German Armed Forces, 937,000 were ethnic Germans, 272,000 were Poles involved in the Polish resistance and 815,000 were not involved in the resistance movement. A war in the Pacific, for instance, would immediately bring into sharp focus the need to hit Chinese bases before China hit American bases and carriers. In 1940 the tuberculosis rate among Poles, not including Jews, was 420 per 100,000 compared to 136 per 100,000 prior to the war. [4], Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths due to Soviet repression at 90,000100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets[40], According to Zbigniew S. Siemaszko the total of those deported was 1,646,000 of whom 1,450,000 were residents and refugees (excluding POWs). [75], Sourced from: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Now, its total economic sanctions and no U.S. forces in the melee. The aim of the project was to acquire and "Germanize" children with purportedly Aryan traits who were considered by Nazi officials to be descendants of German settlers in Poland. Corrections? The Fallen of World War II is an interactive documentary that examines the human cost of the second World War and the decline in battle deaths in the years since the war. The Polish strategy was to try to preserve the bulk of its army for this future planned offensive, while defending the country. [4] Poland's losses by geographic area include about 3.5 million within the borders of present-day Poland, and about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Below are the countries with the highest World War II casualties. Warsaw[68], Franciszek Proch was a Polish lawyer and journalist. "Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod okupacj niemieck", "Polish Resistance and Conclusions United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC", Andrzej Gawryszewski LUDNO POLSKI W XX WIEKU POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK NSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. Ethnic Polish losses are currently estimated in the range of 2 million. The UK and France Declared War" on German, and that was it. An additional 660,000 Jews from other countries, were transported to Auschwitz and murdered. When the Soviet forces returned to Poland in 1944-1945 there was a new wave of repression of Polish citizens from all ethnic groups including 188,000 deported, 50,000 conscripted as forced labor and 50,000 arrested. Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Mainly for this reason, estimates of total dead in World War II vary anywhere from 35,000,000 to 60,000,000a statistical difference of no small import. About 150,000 of these casualties were suffered by the French army during the German invasion and the Allied . For all of this unimaginable suffering and destruction, Germany has never compensated Poland or the Polish people for their suffering and losses in any way beyond a few pathetic symbolic gestures. France and the UK were also responsible for the fact that Poland did not fully mobilized its armed forces. However, as history showed, the same could not be said of the French and the British who could have easily stormed through Germany's poorly defended western borders while the bulk of the German army was busy fighting in Poland. Projections 8.000 9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000 Deaths per 1000 People. Also known as. Stanisaw Jankowiak, Wysiedlenie i emigracja ludnoci niemieckiej w polityce wadz polskich w latach 1945-1970,Instytut Pamici Narodowej, Warszawa 2005, Bureau odszkodowan wojennych(BOW), Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 19391945. [36] During the occupation the natural death rate in the General Government increased to 1.7% per annum compared to the prewar level of 1.4%[37], Part of the Generalplan Ost involved taking children from Poland and moving them to Nazi Germany for the purpose of Germanization, or indoctrination into becoming culturally German. Putin has given some acerbic critiques of Americas 2003 Iraq War, but on the fantasy quotient of total victory, no occupation his Ukraine War would appear to share the crooked expectations that attended Americas ill-starred war in Iraq. uczak authored Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie wiatowej (Poland and Poles in the Second World War). Polska 19391945. The official U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Records branch (Bureau of Naval Personnel) still maintains the Navy and Marine Corps 1947 IBM printout arranged chronologically by campaign annotating the official World War 2 casualty accounting. Records are incomplete, and the Soviet control of Poland for 50 years after the war impeded independent scholarship. [17], B. Around 6 million Polish citizens perished during World War II: about one fifth of the pre-war population. The figure of 95-97,000 killed in the 1939 campaign includes 17-19,000 in Soviet hands as POW. [39], E. Population Not Capable of Resistance(100% ages 114; 50% ages 1519; 30% women 20-39; 100% over 70 years and 632,000 disabled) [81], Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996 Page 14, A. Bajer uses the 1947 Bureau of War Damages figures as the base to compute his estimate of ethnic Polish war dead. As Germany . This article provides a summarization of these estimates of Poland's human losses in the war and their causes. From really outstanding foundations the Americans forgot and then abandoned the ideas and principles that made them a people to be admired and copied. When did the French run away? The whole strategy of Poland in 1939 was based on the fact that the UK and France, which had signed defensive military alliances with Poland prior WW2, were supposed to attack Germany two weeks into the war at the latest. "[66], Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. World War II is considered the deadliest arm conflict in human history. D. Frymark. However, Czesaw uczak put the number of Poles deported to Germany at 2,826,500 [30] Although Germany also used forced laborers from all over Europe, Slavs (and especially Poles and Russians) who were viewed as racially inferior, were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures. He didnt consult anybody, just did it. The government of Germany reported that about 4.3 million military personnel either died or are missing and 0.5-2 million civilian deaths. [82], B. The Polish strategy was to try to preserve the bulk of its army for this future planned offensive, while defending the country. Note: The number in parentheses indicates a negative amount (a negative balance)Source of figures: Kazimierz Piesowicz, Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej Studia Demograficzne, No. Wojciech Materski, Tomasz Szarota (2009), Maly Rocznik Statystyczny Polski-London 1941. Country (and successor state) Military. This is one more item in the index of the folly of the venture, this big surprise sprung by Putin on his people, because the reason those characters didnt see it coming was that it looked just plain incoherent and crazy on its face. In many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Those basic parameters were followed until December 7, 1941. All victorious armies, Clausewitz says, would prefer that the enemy offers no resistance; when it does, previous intentions evaporate. The Institute of National Remembrance puts the confirmed death toll due to the Soviet occupation at 150,000 persons including 22,000 murdered Polish military officers and government officials in the Katyn massacre. per capita, the Government General region produced only 202.7 kg. (Many Polish Jews found refuge in the Soviet Union and other countries.) Only later do we stand much chance of discerning the real truth. He notes that in general, the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with the numbers declaring the corresponding nationality. Human Losses and Victims of Repression Under the Two Occupations) that estimated Poland's war dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million Poles and Jews, including 150,000 during the Soviet occupation. In its fog, discerning its significance and direction is intrinsically difficult. Page 30, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum believes that "The Nazi terror was, in scholar Norman Davies's words, "much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe." A version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 373, Issue 6557. Ryszard Kaczmarek, Polacy w Wehrmachcie, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Krakw 2010, p.412, Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995. Pacethe neocons, I think that there are tremendous fallacies in seeing Putin as a Hitler, mainly because he sees himself as an anti-Hitler, but one has to say that Russian decision-making in the last two months does look a bit like Der Fhrers. About the Project. The changing borders and ethnic composition of Poland as well as vast population movements during and after the war also complicated the task of calculating losses In the past, many estimates of losses were based on a Polish report of 1947 requesting reparations from the Germans; this often cited document tallied population losses of 6 million for all Polish "nationals" (Poles, Jews, and other minorities). During World War II, Irena Szydowska was a courier for the Polish Home Army, an . Not only did this event signify the beginning of the World War 2 but it also started the most significant war in Modern history. [2][3] In 2009 the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) published the study "Polska 19391945. Germany invaded Poland to regain lost territory and ultimately rule their neighbor to the east. Total Polish War losses were 6 million persons. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. "[91], Poland lost a total of about 140,000 regular soldiers killed and missing. The civilians who died away from their home country are numbered among the civilian casualties of the host nation. In East Asia, the victims of famine and pestilence in China are to be numbered in the millions, in addition to other millions of both soldiers and civilians who perished in battle and bombardment. The main causes of these losses are as follows. [83], D. According to Bajer's calculations the number of Polish citizens on the Volksliste was 2,224,000. Specifically, the fall of Communism and the opening of records in the former Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and other countries have helped modern historians make a better accounting of the number of civilian casualties suffered during World War 2. [27][28] Many mass executions took place outside prisons and camps such as the Mass murders in Pianica. These civilian deaths are even more difficult to determine, yet they must be counted in any comparative evaluation of national losses. Library in the U.S.). However inexact many of the figures, their main import is clear. They did not provide figures for the death toll of Polish citizens from the other ethnic minorities. The 15-minute data visualization uses cinematic storytelling techniques to provide viewers with a fresh and dramatic perspective of a pivotal moment in history. uczak estimated total losses at 6.0-5.9 million Polish citizens, not less than the report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages. During the occupation, communities were held collectively responsible for Polish attacks against German troops and mass executions were conducted in reprisal. 1950 2000 2050 2100 Current Historical U.N. Those causes were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliancism, and assassination. The Polish Bureau of War Damages report of 1947 put Jewish losses at 3.4 million; in a subsequent report to the United Nations this figure was 3.2 million Jewish dead, thus reducing the total to 5.8 million. War, perhaps more than any other human endeavor, brings with it historical memories and comparisons. Polska 19391945. The United States went to war. France plunged into a dark age, occupied by the Nazis with the terrible implications bombing raids, executions, deportation, murders and famine. Despite a number of cultural similarities, such as being prominent old medieval European kingdoms, belonging to Western civilization and sharing a common Roman Catholic religion, relations between France and Poland have only become relevant since the Renaissance era. Non-Jewish ethnic Poles in large cities were targeted by the apanka policy which the German occupiers utilized to indiscriminately round up civilians off the street to be sent as forced laborers to Germany. [35] During the war there was an increase in infectious diseases caused by the general malnutrition among the Polish population. A summary of the main points in uczak's article are as follows. It is estimated that the war resulted in 15-20 million civilian and military death and an additional 15 million Chinese were wounded. History of Accounting for the War Dead from World War 2, U.S. Military World War 2 Medal of Honor Recipients, Negative Effects on the U.S. Economy Caused by World War 2, The P-51 Mustang in Europe, The need for and effects of the P-51 Mustang in the skies over Europe. They pointed out that Czesaw uczak estimated the total population loss at 500,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet occupied regions. In the post war era he resided in Germany and the United States. The Soviet occupied territories of Poland, with total population of 13.0 million, was subjected to a reign of terror. 42 of the medals were awarded for action during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (15) and 27 during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Answer (1 of 7): Likely there would be no WWII, but the Soviet action and the results of those would be a question mark. American war planners knew in 1941 that Germany was the primordial threat, but American public opinion had resided for two years in the same anomalous state as we find today in Ukraine policy. This was later corroborated by a top German General, Alfred Jodl, who served as the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (and the man speaking to Hitler in the picture), who stated at the Nuremberg trials that: Dispropaganda is 100% independent non partisan and non profit, in order to keep the site up we rely on financial supprt from our readers. In the latter category fall about 5,700,000 Jews, more than half of them from Poland, who died in Nazi concentration and death camps. Pozostali stracili ycie w gettach, w pacyfikacjach itp. 2000 2050. Assessments and Estimatesan Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. "[34] To supplement the meager rations allocated by the Germans, Poles depended on the black market in order to survive. Estimates of Poland 's human losses in the Soviet occupied territories of Poland, with total of... Future planned offensive, while defending the country Union and other countries. Home! Killed in action it was, it is estimated that at least 6.9 million of them were killed another! Poles and 3 million ethnic Poles in the post War era he in! Both World Wars should be a warning to us in how we respond to Ukraine taken Germany! Parameters were followed until December 7, 1941 and other countries, were transported to and. 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